Dr. Prasad Neelam explains that the portal system’s role is to collect blood, along with nutrients and toxins from the intestines, delivering it to the liver. The liver then filters nutrients and eliminates toxins. However, when the pressure in the portal vein increases, it leads to back pressure on abdominal organs, causing trouble.

Cirrhosis of the Liver and Extra Hepatic Portal Vein Obstruction (EHPVO) are the predominant causes, according to Dr. Prasad Neelam. Cirrhosis, often induced by factors like alcohol, viral hepatitis, or advanced fatty liver, results in liver hardening, impeding blood flow. EHPVO, on the other hand, involves a blockage in the portal vein, often caused by blood clots.

Dr. Prasad Neelam highlights the symptoms associated with increased blood pressure in the intestines, including the enlargement of intestinal veins leading to potential life-threatening bleeding. Additionally, fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity (ascites) and an enlarged spleen causing a decrease in platelet count are indicative of portal hypertension.

Dr. Prasad Neelam details the diagnostic methods, mentioning upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and abdominal ultrasonography. Endoscopy involves using a camera-tipped tube to examine the esophagus and stomach, while ultrasonography is a simple yet effective test. Advanced tests may be employed to identify the precise cause and severity of portal hypertension.

Dr. Prasad Neelam delineates a two-pronged approach to portal hypertension treatment. The first involves managing complications like bleeding through endoscopy, where swollen veins are sealed or tied off. Emergency surgery may be considered if endoscopy is insufficient. In severe cases, a shunt may be necessary, created through techniques like TIPPS or surgical methods. Liver transplantation remains the ultimate solution in cases where cirrhosis is the underlying cause.